C
Researchers are generally divided not only on what causes obesity, but also why we feel hungry and often fail to stay on diets.
The conventional thinking, held by the majority of researchers and clinicians I’ve interviewed over the years, is that obesity is caused by extra calories. They refer to it as an “energy balance” disorder, and so the treatment is to consume less energy (fewer calories) and expend more. When we fail to maintain this goal, the implication is that we simply lack will power or self-discipline.
The minority position in this field---one that Dr. Ludwig holds, as do I after years of reporting---is that obesity is actually a hormonal regulatory disorder, and the hormone(激素)that dominates this process is insulin(胰岛素). It directly links what we eat to the accumulation of extra fat and that, in turn, is tied to the foods we long for and the hunger we experience. It’s been known since the 1960s that insulin signals fat cells to accumulate fat, while telling the other cells in our body to burn carbohydrates(碳水化合物)for fuel.
Promote insulin levels even a little, says Dr. Robert Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist at the University of California, San Francisco, and the body switches over from burning fat for fuel to burning carbohydrates, by necessity.
“The more insulin you release, the more you need carbs,” he said. “Once you’re exposed to a little carbohydrate, you get an insulin rise from it. And you compensate by getting hungry, particularly for more carbohydrate. High insulin drives carb-thirst.”
The result is that even a bite or a taste of carbohydrate-rich foods can stimulate insulin and create a hunger—a thirst—for even more carbohydrates. “There’s no question in my mind,” says Dr. Lustig, “that once people who are ‘carboholics’ get their insulin levels down, they become less carboholic. And if they go off the wagon and start eating carbs, they go right back to where they were before. I’ve seen that in numerous patients.”
28. What kind of problem causes peopled energy unbalance according to traditional thinking?
A. Psychological. B. Biological. C. Social. D. Medical.
29. What does the author think leads to obesity?
A. Surplus calories. B. High insulin levels.
C. Lack of exercise. D. Low hormone levels.
30. According to Dr. Lustig, taking in carbohydrate-rich food may result in _______ .
A. fat accumulation B. desire for more food
C. fat consumption D. less insulin releasing
31. What may researchers of both sides think important in fighting obesity?
A. Training our will power.
B. Keeping energy balance.
C. Staying on chosen diet consistently.
D. Maintaining hormonal regulatory order.
研究人员通常不仅在肥胖的原因上存在分歧，而且在为什么我们感到饥饿，并且经常不能坚持节食上也存在分歧。
多年来，我采访过的大多数研究人员和临床医生都认为，肥胖是由额外的卡路里引起的。他们称之为“能量平衡”紊乱，因此治疗方法是消耗更少的能量（更少的卡路里）和消耗更多。当我们不能保持这个目标时，意味着我们只是缺乏意志力或自律。
在这一领域，路德维希博士和我多年来的报告一样，所持的少数立场是肥胖实际上是一种激素调节障碍，而控制这一过程的激素是胰岛素。它直接将我们所吃的与额外脂肪的积累联系起来，反过来，又与我们渴望的食物和我们所经历的饥饿联系在一起。从20世纪60年代开始，人们就知道胰岛素是脂肪细胞积累脂肪的信号，同时告诉我们身体中的其他细胞燃烧碳水化合物（碳水化合物）作为燃料。
加州大学旧金山分校的儿科内分泌学家罗伯特勒斯蒂格博士说，即使是稍微提高胰岛素水平，身体也会从燃烧脂肪为燃料转变为燃烧碳水化合物。
“你释放的胰岛素越多，你就越需要碳水化合物，”他说。“一旦你接触到一点碳水化合物，你就会从中得到胰岛素的增加。你可以通过饥饿来补偿，特别是多摄入碳水化合物。高胰岛素导致碳水化合物口渴。”
其结果是，即使是一口或一尝富含碳水化合物的食物，也能刺激胰岛素，产生饥饿感——对更多碳水化合物的渴望。“在我看来，毫无疑问，”Lustig博士说，“一旦‘碳水化合物’的人胰岛素水平下降，他们就会变得不那么碳水化合物。”。如果他们下了车开始吃碳水化合物，他们就会回到原来的位置。我在很多病人身上都见过这种情况。”
28岁。按照传统思维，什么样的问题会导致人们的能量失衡？
28. A 首先分析题干可以获得关键信息energy unbalance according to traditional thinking，然后由第二段的最后一句话When we fail to maintain this goal, the implication is that we simply lack will power or self-discipline.可知答案；
29. B 由文章第三段中的The minority position in this field---one that Dr. Ludwig holds, as do I after years of reporting---is that obesity is actually a hormonal regulatory disorder, and the hormone(激素)that dominates this process is insulin(胰岛素).可知答案；
30. B 由文章最后一段中的The result is that even a bite or a taste of carbohydrate-rich foods can stimulate insulin and create a hunger.可知答案；
31. C （题目问的是researchers of both sides,而文章中只有第一段同时出现了双方）所以，由文章第一段Researchers are generally divided not only on what causes obesity, but also why we feel hungry and often fail to stay on diets. 可知答案；
Researchers are generally divided not only on what causes obesity, but also why we feel hungry and often fail to stay on diets.
The conventional thinking, held by the majority of researchers and clinicians I’ve interviewed over the years, is that obesity is caused by extra calories. They refer to it as an “energy balance” disorder, and so the treatment is to consume less energy (fewer calories) and expend more. When we fail to maintain this goal, the implication is that we simply lack will power or self-discipline.
The minority position in this field---one that Dr. Ludwig holds, as do I after years of reporting---is that obesity is actually a hormonal regulatory disorder, and the hormone(激素)that dominates this process is insulin(胰岛素). It directly links what we eat to the accumulation of extra fat and that, in turn, is tied to the foods we long for and the hunger we experience. It’s been known since the 1960s that insulin signals fat cells to accumulate fat, while telling the other cells in our body to burn carbohydrates(碳水化合物)for fuel.
Promote insulin levels even a little, says Dr. Robert Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist at the University of California, San Francisco, and the body switches over from burning fat for fuel to burning carbohydrates, by necessity.
“The more insulin you release, the more you need carbs,” he said. “Once you’re exposed to a little carbohydrate, you get an insulin rise from it. And you compensate by getting hungry, particularly for more carbohydrate. High insulin drives carb-thirst.”
The result is that even a bite or a taste of carbohydrate-rich foods can stimulate insulin and create a hunger—a thirst—for even more carbohydrates. “There’s no question in my mind,” says Dr. Lustig, “that once people who are ‘carboholics’ get their insulin levels down, they become less carboholic. And if they go off the wagon and start eating carbs, they go right back to where they were before. I’ve seen that in numerous patients.”
28. What kind of problem causes peopled energy unbalance according to traditional thinking?
A. Psychological. B. Biological. C. Social. D. Medical.
29. What does the author think leads to obesity?
A. Surplus calories. B. High insulin levels.
C. Lack of exercise. D. Low hormone levels.
30. According to Dr. Lustig, taking in carbohydrate-rich food may result in _______ .
A. fat accumulation B. desire for more food
C. fat consumption D. less insulin releasing
31. What may researchers of both sides think important in fighting obesity?
A. Training our will power.
B. Keeping energy balance.
C. Staying on chosen diet consistently.
D. Maintaining hormonal regulatory order.
研究人员通常不仅在肥胖的原因上存在分歧，而且在为什么我们感到饥饿，并且经常不能坚持节食上也存在分歧。
多年来，我采访过的大多数研究人员和临床医生都认为，肥胖是由额外的卡路里引起的。他们称之为“能量平衡”紊乱，因此治疗方法是消耗更少的能量（更少的卡路里）和消耗更多。当我们不能保持这个目标时，意味着我们只是缺乏意志力或自律。
在这一领域，路德维希博士和我多年来的报告一样，所持的少数立场是肥胖实际上是一种激素调节障碍，而控制这一过程的激素是胰岛素。它直接将我们所吃的与额外脂肪的积累联系起来，反过来，又与我们渴望的食物和我们所经历的饥饿联系在一起。从20世纪60年代开始，人们就知道胰岛素是脂肪细胞积累脂肪的信号，同时告诉我们身体中的其他细胞燃烧碳水化合物（碳水化合物）作为燃料。
加州大学旧金山分校的儿科内分泌学家罗伯特勒斯蒂格博士说，即使是稍微提高胰岛素水平，身体也会从燃烧脂肪为燃料转变为燃烧碳水化合物。
“你释放的胰岛素越多，你就越需要碳水化合物，”他说。“一旦你接触到一点碳水化合物，你就会从中得到胰岛素的增加。你可以通过饥饿来补偿，特别是多摄入碳水化合物。高胰岛素导致碳水化合物口渴。”
其结果是，即使是一口或一尝富含碳水化合物的食物，也能刺激胰岛素，产生饥饿感——对更多碳水化合物的渴望。“在我看来，毫无疑问，”Lustig博士说，“一旦‘碳水化合物’的人胰岛素水平下降，他们就会变得不那么碳水化合物。”。如果他们下了车开始吃碳水化合物，他们就会回到原来的位置。我在很多病人身上都见过这种情况。”
28岁。按照传统思维，什么样的问题会导致人们的能量失衡？
28. A 首先分析题干可以获得关键信息energy unbalance according to traditional thinking，然后由第二段的最后一句话When we fail to maintain this goal, the implication is that we simply lack will power or self-discipline.可知答案；
29. B 由文章第三段中的The minority position in this field---one that Dr. Ludwig holds, as do I after years of reporting---is that obesity is actually a hormonal regulatory disorder, and the hormone(激素)that dominates this process is insulin(胰岛素).可知答案；
30. B 由文章最后一段中的The result is that even a bite or a taste of carbohydrate-rich foods can stimulate insulin and create a hunger.可知答案；
31. C （题目问的是researchers of both sides,而文章中只有第一段同时出现了双方）所以，由文章第一段Researchers are generally divided not only on what causes obesity, but also why we feel hungry and often fail to stay on diets. 可知答案；
