D
The 90-minute long game involves two goals, black and white checkered balls, goalkeepers, and no hand use. This sport, of course, is soccer or football, as the majority of the rest of the world says. It's confusing that some countries call this sport “football” while Americans and Canadians say “soccer”, but apparently the British are mostly to blame.
The name confusion is actually thanks to British universities in the early 1800s who tried standardizing various sports games that had different rules and regulations to differentiate between them, according to a paper by Stefan Szymanski, a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan.
Rugby, formerly known as “rugby football” or “rugger”, is a translation of “football” where you can use your hands. Soccer, originally “association football” or “asoccer”, is the traditional translation of “football” where people don't use their hands. People in England started shortening the names by dropping the “association” part of the phrase as well as the “a” in “asoccer”, per Szymanski's paper. If your head hurts from thinking about this, prepare to have your mind blown by these things you probably never thought about—until just now.
Now comes the complexity: in 1869, Rutgers and Princeton University held the first traditional and recorded game using a unique combination of rules from both rugby and soccer, creating what we know as “American football” and what other countries refer to as “gridiron”. Thanks to the popularity of American football, soccer players in America keep using “soccer” to help differentiate themselves, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.
If the name “soccer” had stuck in Britain, and if Americans had come up with a better one for American football then, there would be much less confusion now. So why did the “football”, short kind of “association football” become more popular than “soccer” in England anyway? Originally, American influence on Britain during World War Ⅱ made “soccer” the popular term in England before the 1980s, the Atlantic reports. Once the sport became more popular in the United States around that time, the British stopped using “soccer”. Szymanski's paper claims it could be thanks to American and British news organizations pushing either term in each country.
12.What caused the name confusion in the early 1800s?
A.Game time. B.Sports rules.
C.Ball popularity. D.News organizations.
13.What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 3?
A.The name confusion is becoming stronger.
B.You cannot use your hands while playing games.
C.The names make it more difficult for people to understand.
D.Making the best of the head in the sports is extremely vital.
14.In which of the following do the two names belong to the same one?
A.“Rugby” and “soccer”.
B.“Rugger” and “American football”.
C.“American football” and “gridiron”.
D.“Gridiron” and “association football”.
15.What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A.The name confusion would become less.
B.The British disliked soccer during World War Ⅱ.
C.American soccer was more popular than English football.
D.History and culture had a great effect on the name.
D
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了不同的国家,尤其是英美两国足球命名令人困惑的由来。
12.B 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,密歇根大学体育经济学教授Stefan Szymanski在论文中指出,造成这种名称混淆的实际上是19世纪初的英国大学,它们试图将各种体育比赛标准化,而这些比赛有不同的规则和规定以避免混淆,因此,是体育规则导致名字的混淆。故选B。
13.A 句意猜测题。根据第三段中画线句前的内容可知,橄榄球(rugby)以前被称为rugby football或rugger,是football一词的译本,在橄榄球比赛中可以用手。Soccer最初是association football或asoccer,是football的传统译本,参赛者不能用手。根据Szymanski的论文,英格兰人开始缩短名字,去掉短语中的association和asoccer中的a。因此,本段描述了根据比赛中是否使用手来命名的复杂过程,再根据下段首句中的Now comes the complexity可知,画线部分意思是“命名过程愈加混乱了”。故选A。
14.C 细节理解题。根据第四段可知,在1869年,罗格斯大学和普林斯顿大学结合英式橄榄球和英式足球的规则,举办了第一场有记载的传统比赛,这就是我们现在所说的“American football”,其他国家称之为“gridiron”,因此American football和gridiron是同一种运动。故选C。
15.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后三句可知,据《大西洋月刊》报道,第二次世界大战期间,美国对英国的影响使得soccer这个词在20世纪80年代之前在英国流行起来。大约在那个时候,这项运动一在美国变得更加流行,英国人就不再使用soccer这个词了。Szymanski的论文称,这可能因为英美两国的新闻机构在两国推行两者中的一个词。由此可推知,历史和文化对名字有很大的影响。故选D。
The 90-minute long game involves two goals, black and white checkered balls, goalkeepers, and no hand use. This sport, of course, is soccer or football, as the majority of the rest of the world says. It's confusing that some countries call this sport “football” while Americans and Canadians say “soccer”, but apparently the British are mostly to blame.
The name confusion is actually thanks to British universities in the early 1800s who tried standardizing various sports games that had different rules and regulations to differentiate between them, according to a paper by Stefan Szymanski, a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan.
Rugby, formerly known as “rugby football” or “rugger”, is a translation of “football” where you can use your hands. Soccer, originally “association football” or “asoccer”, is the traditional translation of “football” where people don't use their hands. People in England started shortening the names by dropping the “association” part of the phrase as well as the “a” in “asoccer”, per Szymanski's paper. If your head hurts from thinking about this, prepare to have your mind blown by these things you probably never thought about—until just now.
Now comes the complexity: in 1869, Rutgers and Princeton University held the first traditional and recorded game using a unique combination of rules from both rugby and soccer, creating what we know as “American football” and what other countries refer to as “gridiron”. Thanks to the popularity of American football, soccer players in America keep using “soccer” to help differentiate themselves, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica.
If the name “soccer” had stuck in Britain, and if Americans had come up with a better one for American football then, there would be much less confusion now. So why did the “football”, short kind of “association football” become more popular than “soccer” in England anyway? Originally, American influence on Britain during World War Ⅱ made “soccer” the popular term in England before the 1980s, the Atlantic reports. Once the sport became more popular in the United States around that time, the British stopped using “soccer”. Szymanski's paper claims it could be thanks to American and British news organizations pushing either term in each country.
12.What caused the name confusion in the early 1800s?
A.Game time. B.Sports rules.
C.Ball popularity. D.News organizations.
13.What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 3?
A.The name confusion is becoming stronger.
B.You cannot use your hands while playing games.
C.The names make it more difficult for people to understand.
D.Making the best of the head in the sports is extremely vital.
14.In which of the following do the two names belong to the same one?
A.“Rugby” and “soccer”.
B.“Rugger” and “American football”.
C.“American football” and “gridiron”.
D.“Gridiron” and “association football”.
15.What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A.The name confusion would become less.
B.The British disliked soccer during World War Ⅱ.
C.American soccer was more popular than English football.
D.History and culture had a great effect on the name.
D
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了不同的国家,尤其是英美两国足球命名令人困惑的由来。
12.B 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,密歇根大学体育经济学教授Stefan Szymanski在论文中指出,造成这种名称混淆的实际上是19世纪初的英国大学,它们试图将各种体育比赛标准化,而这些比赛有不同的规则和规定以避免混淆,因此,是体育规则导致名字的混淆。故选B。
13.A 句意猜测题。根据第三段中画线句前的内容可知,橄榄球(rugby)以前被称为rugby football或rugger,是football一词的译本,在橄榄球比赛中可以用手。Soccer最初是association football或asoccer,是football的传统译本,参赛者不能用手。根据Szymanski的论文,英格兰人开始缩短名字,去掉短语中的association和asoccer中的a。因此,本段描述了根据比赛中是否使用手来命名的复杂过程,再根据下段首句中的Now comes the complexity可知,画线部分意思是“命名过程愈加混乱了”。故选A。
14.C 细节理解题。根据第四段可知,在1869年,罗格斯大学和普林斯顿大学结合英式橄榄球和英式足球的规则,举办了第一场有记载的传统比赛,这就是我们现在所说的“American football”,其他国家称之为“gridiron”,因此American football和gridiron是同一种运动。故选C。
15.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后三句可知,据《大西洋月刊》报道,第二次世界大战期间,美国对英国的影响使得soccer这个词在20世纪80年代之前在英国流行起来。大约在那个时候,这项运动一在美国变得更加流行,英国人就不再使用soccer这个词了。Szymanski的论文称,这可能因为英美两国的新闻机构在两国推行两者中的一个词。由此可推知,历史和文化对名字有很大的影响。故选D。
